ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-CANCER PHARMACEUTICALS AS EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS
Keywords:
Pharmaceutical Pollutants, Ecotoxicology, Metformin, Cytostatic Drugs, Microbial Ecology, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Wastewater Treatment, Environmental ContaminationAbstract
The category of pharmaceuticals is significant in terms of emerging pollutants since there is the continual release of these chemicals to the environment due to their increasing use throughout the world. Anticancer and antidiabetic pharmaceuticals are particularly challenging in this context as a result of their widespread application, persistence in the environment, and considerable biological activity. Large-scale discharges of antidiabetics such as metformin, for instance, have the ability to impact the community structure of microbial populations, as well as affect nitrification process and metabolic processes in soil and aquatic systems. Even at environmentally relevant ng/L–µg/L concentrations, cytostatics used in the treatment of cancer-pharmaceuticals intended to be cytotoxic and genotoxic – may cause DNA damage, inhibit microbial growth, and interfere with cell division. Due to the stress response associated with sub-lethal exposures that leads to upregulation of multi-drug efflux pumps, these two categories of pharmaceuticals can also facilitate the emergence of AMR in bacteria.
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