PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF TRADITIONAL SIDDHA FORMULATION MUTHU CHENDURAM

Abstract

Background: Siddha metallo-mineral formulations such as Muthu Chenduram are traditionally valued for their enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. However, scientific standardization using modern analytical techniques is essential to validate their safety, composition, and structural transformation.

Objective: To standardize Muthu Chenduram through physicochemical evaluation and advanced analytical techniques including ICP–OES, XRD, SEM, and EDAX.

Materials and Methods: The formulation was prepared as per classical Siddha procedures described in Agasthiyar Chenduram 300, using purified pearl, zinc, mercury, mercury perchloride, sulphur, and milk. Physicochemical parameters were assessed using standard protocols. Elemental analysis was performed using ICP–OES, crystalline phases were identified by XRD, while SEM–EDAX was employed to study morphology and elemental distribution.

Results: The formulation appeared as a fine black powder with low moisture content (LOD: 2.38%) and high inorganic content (total ash: 23.63%). ICP–OES revealed high levels of mercury (74625.9 mg/kg), zinc, and calcium, with negligible lead and cadmium. XRD confirmed the formation of stable crystalline phases, predominantly mercuric sulphide (HgS), along with ZnS and CaCO?. EDAX analysis corroborated the elemental composition, showing dominant Hg–S complexes. SEM analysis demonstrated nanocrystalline particles (11–18 nm) aggregated into microstructures.

Conclusion: Muthu Chenduram is a well-standardized metallo-mineral formulation exhibiting physicochemical stability, nanoscale transformation, and conversion of mercury into a relatively stable sulphide form. The findings support traditional preparation methods and indicate potential for enhanced bioavailability, though further toxicity and pharmacological evaluation are required.