Menstrual cycle disorders: a correlation with genetic alterations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47957/ijpda.v12i2.596Keywords:
Menstrual irregularities, PCOS, obesity, Genetic alterationsAbstract
The menstrual cycle is considered the fifth vital sign among women. The pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and ovaries are endocrine glands that play a crucial role in governing the menstrual cycle. Endocrine ailments trigger periods of menstruation disturbances throughout a woman's reproductive life. The duration and volume of menstrual bleeding can serve as indicators of endocrine problems. Oligomenorrhea, which refers to monthly periods longer than 35 days, is the most prevalent menstrual disruption observed in endocrine illnesses such as thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and diabetes, based on the existing evidence. The intricate endocrine pathways are crucial in regulating a woman's menstrual cycle.. Menstrual Irregularities are caused due to eating disorders, extreme weight loss or too much exercising, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Premature ovarian failure, Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and Pregnancy or breast-feeding. Mensesare affected by various factors like junk food, obesity, skipping breakfast lack of physical activity etc. PCOS, Diabetes, Hyperprolactinemia, Hypothyroidism, Thyrotoxicosis, and Cushing’s syndrome are some menstrual disorders which occur due to genetic alterations. All these disorders can be primarily treated by Nutritional Considerations and herbal treatments. In order to achieve a regular menstrual cycle and overcome these diseases, nutritional supplements and lifestyle modifications must be prioritized.
Downloads
References
Rondanelli M, Perna S, Faliva M, Monteferrario F, Repaci E, Allieri FJAog, et al., "Focus on metabolic and nutritional correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome and update on nutritional management of these critical phenomena," vol. 290pp. 1079-92, 2014.
Zehravi M, Maqbool M, Ara IJIjoam, health, "Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility: an update," vol. 34(2), pp. 1-9, 2022.
Jeanes Y, Barr S, Smith K, Hart KJJohn, dietetics, "Dietary management of women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the United Kingdom: the role of dietitians," vol. 22(6), pp. 551-8, 2009.
Küçükaydo?an N, ?avk E, Uslu M, ?endur N, Karaman G, Demirkan SJTTADV, "Relationship of cutaneous moisture, sebum and pH changes of healthy skin with menstrual cycle," vol. 54(3), pp. 90-5, 2020.
Akhila G, Shaik A, Kumar RDJIJRHCP, "Current factors affecting the menstrual cycle," vol. 2(1), pp. 18-21, 2020.
Schweiger U, Tuschl RJ, Platte P, Broocks A, Laessle RG, Pirke K-MJF, et al., "Everyday eating behavior and menstrual function in young women," vol. 57(4), pp. 771-5, 1992.
Faghfoori Z, Fazelian S, Shadnoush M, Goodarzi RJD, research msC, reviews, "Nutritional management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A review study," vol. 11pp. S429-S32, 2017.
Khalil NM, Carraro E, Cótica LF, Mainardes RMJEoodd, "Potential of polymeric nanoparticles in AIDS treatment and prevention," vol. 8(1), pp. 95-112, 2011.
Wang J, Sun X, Yang Z, Li S, Wang Y, Ren R, et al., "Epigenetic regulation in premature ovarian failure: A literature review," vol. 13pp. 998424, 2023.
Si L, Yin M, Wang J, Yang S, Zhang J, Wei LJERoP, et al., "Evaluation of quality of pharmacoeconomic studies involved in traditional Chinese medicine in China," vol. 21(5), pp. 1049-60, 2021.
Kimura F, Tsuji S, Murakami T. Molecular Pathogenesis of Uterine Fibroids. In: Sugino N, editor. Uterine Fibroids and Adenomyosis. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2018. p. 37-57.
Manore MMJSm, "Dietary recommendations and athletic menstrual dysfunction," vol. 32pp. 887-901, 2002.
Segars JH. Fibroids: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
Barnett RJTL, "Cushing's syndrome," vol. 388(10045), pp. 649, 2016.
ÇAYKÖYlÜ A, Capoglu I, ÖZTÜRK IJP, neurosciences c, "The possible factors affecting suicide attempts in the different phases of the menstrual cycle," vol. 58(5), pp. 460-4, 2004.
Kovanci E, Schutt AKJO, America gcoN, "Premature ovarian failure: clinical presentation and treatment," vol. 42(1), pp. 153-61, 2015.
Bahamondes L, Ali MJFr, "Recent advances in managing and understanding menstrual disorders," vol. 7pp., 2015.
Ajith DMJJoPSP, "Nutritional management of PCOS: A review article," vol. 6(8), pp. 8979-84, 2022.
VanKoevering KK, Sabetsarvestani K, Sullivan SE, Barkan A, Mierzwa M, McKean ELJJoNSPBSB, "Pituitary dysfunction after radiation for anterior skull base malignancies: incidence and screening," vol. 81(01), pp. 075-81, 2020.
Penzias A, Bendikson K, Butts S, Coutifaris C, Falcone T, Fossum G, et al., "Role of metformin for ovulation induction in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a guideline," vol. 108(3), pp. 426-41, 2017.
Lusher JM, McMillan CW, Medicine HSGJTAJo, "Severe factor VIII and factor IX deficiency in females," vol. 65(4), pp. 637-48, 1978.
Murdock PJ, Woodhams BJ, Matthews KB, Pasi KJ, Goodall AHJT, haemostasis, "von Willebrand factor activity detected in a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA: an alternative to the ristocetin cofactor platelet agglutination assay for diagnostic use," vol. 78(10), pp. 1272-7, 1997.
Werner EJ, Broxson EH, Tucker EL, Giroux DS, Shults J, Abshire TCJTJop, "Prevalence of von Willebrand disease in children: a multiethnic study," vol. 123(6), pp. 893-8, 1993.
Rapkin AJ, Akopians ALJMi, "Pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder," vol. 18(2), pp. 52-9, 2012.
Obstetricians ACo, Gynecol GJO, "Committee opinion no. 605: primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women," vol. 124(1), pp. 193-7, 2014.
Aguirre E, "Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Exposure in Feminine Hygiene Products and the Effect on the Menstrual Cycle," vol. pp., 2022.
Nowak RAJBP, Obstetrics RC, Gynaecology, "Fibroids: pathophysiology and current medical treatment," vol. 13(2), pp. 223-38, 1999.
Baum A, Nesselhof SE. Psychological research and the prevention, etiology, and treatment of AIDS: American Psychological Association; 1988.
Begum MS, Areen S, "Optimizing Polycystic Ovarian Disorder (PCOD) Treatment with Personalized Lifestyle and Nutrition Strategies," vol. pp., 2023.
Turkington RW, Lebovitz HEJTAJoM, "Extra-adrenal endocrine deficiencies in Addison's disease," vol. 43(4), pp. 499-507, 1967.
Hoek A, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HJEr, "Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity," vol. 18(1), pp. 107-34, 1997.
March CMJRBO, "Management of Asherman’s syndrome," vol. 23(1), pp. 63-76, 2011.
Sheehan H, Murdoch RJBAIJoO, Gynaecology, "Post?partum Necrosis of the Anterior Pituitary; Pathological and Clinical Aspects," vol. 45(3), pp. 456-87, 1938.
Steele S, Mason B, Brett AJBMJ, "Amenorrhoea after discontinuing combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives," vol. 4(5888), pp. 343-5, 1973.
Bakalov V, Vanderhoof V, Bondy C, Nelson LJHR, "Adrenal antibodies detect asymptomatic auto-immune adrenal insufficiency in young women with spontaneous premature ovarian failure," vol. 17(8), pp. 2096-100, 2002.
Spencer JB, Badik JR, Ryan EL, Gleason TJ, Broadaway KA, Epstein MP, et al., "Modifiers of ovarian function in girls and women with classic galactosemia," vol. 98(7), pp. E1257-E65, 2013.
Bradlow J, Coulter A, Brooks P. Patterns of referral: a study of referrals to outpatient clinics from general practices in the Oxford region: Health Services Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care …; 1992.
Hallberg L, Hôgdahl A-M, Nilsson L, Rybo GJAoegS, "Menstrual blood loss–a population study: variation at different ages and attempts to define normality," vol. 45(3), pp. 320-51, 1966.
Hergenroeder AC, Smith EB, Shypailo R, Jones LA, Klish WJ, Ellis KJAjoo, et al., "Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months," vol. 176(5), pp. 1017-25, 1997.
Leppert P, Fouany M, Segars JHJf, "Understanding uterine fibroids," vol. pp. 1-10, 2013.
Daley AJBJoGP. The role of exercise in the treatment of menstrual disorders: the evidence. British Journal of General Practice; 2009. p. 241-2.
EVANS PCJO, Gynecology, "Obstetric and gynecologic patients with von Willebrand's disease," vol. 38(1), pp. 37-43, 1971.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.