Evaluation of the Chemical and Phytochemical Constituents of Alchornea Cordifolia Leaf Meal as Potential Feed for Monogastric Livestock
Keywords:
Anti-nutrients, Alchornea cordifolia, Christmas bush, leafmeal, minerals, phytochemical screening, proximate analysisAbstract
Phytochemical constituents, proximate and mineral composition of Alchornea cordifolia (Schum and Thonn) Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)) (Christmas bush) leaf meal obtained from the Campus of Niger Delta University was investigated in order to evaluate its nutritional value for non- ruminant livestock since it is well known that the presence of antinutrients and toxic substances severely limits the nutritional benefits of leaf meals. The result of proximate composition showed that the leaf meal contained moisture (9.96±0.40%), crude protein (17.94±0.41%), carbohydrate (39.53±0.21 %), crude fat (4.34±0.23%), fatty acid (3.47±0.24%) energy (3.37 kcal- g-), ash (11.38±0.26%) and crude fibre (16.85±0.16 %). Elemental analysis revealed that the minerals detected in the leaf meal and their concentrations were Calcium (288 mg- kg), Magnesium (22 mg- kg), Potassium (7.25mg kg-1), Copper (32.5mg- kg), Iron (192.5 mg - kg) Manganese (58.35 mg - kg) and Cobalt (40 mg-kg). Aluminium, zinc, Phosphorus, Selenium and Sodium were not detected. The quantitative analysis of the detected phytochemicals in the leaf meal were Phytate (1.21%), Oxalate (0.86 %), Saponins (2.04%), Phenols (1.16 %), Cardiac glycosides (0.11 %) and Hydrocyanic acid (22.30 mg-kg) while alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and steroids were not detected. The results showed low concentrations of all the phytochemicals. The nutritional quality of plants and vegetables are severely limited by the presence of antinutrients (oxalate, phytate) and toxic substances (cyanide, nitrate,). The low values of this substance in Alchornea cordifolia is an indication that the leaf meals may be recommended for non- ruminant and human consumption. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the leaf meal made from Alchornea cordifolia leaves contain nutrients and mineral elements that make the product comparable to other leaf meals such as Gmelina leaf meal, Leucena leucocephala leaf meal, Ipomea batatas leaf meal, Gliricidia leafmeal and cassava leaf meal.
Downloads
References
Adeyeye, E.I. and P.A. Aye, 2005. Chemical composition and the effect of salts on the food properties of Triticum durum wholemeal flour. Pak. J. Nutr., 4:187-196.
Alli, S.Y.R., 2009. Determination of the chemical composition of Senna-siamea (cassia leaves). Pak.J. Nutr., 8: 119-121.
Al-Bayati, F.A. and K.D. Sulaiman, 2008. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk. J. Biol., 32: 57-62.
Ahamefule, F.O. B.E. Obua, J.A. Ibeawuchi and N.R. Udosen (2006) The Nutritive Value of Some Plants Browsed by Cattle in Umudike, Southeastern Nigeria Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5 (5): 404-409,
Adeshina GO,*1 Onaolapo JA,1 Ehinmidu JO,1 Odama LE.2(2011) Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic and Water Extracts of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research , Volume 3, Issue 3. 32-36. ISSN 0975-2366
Arbonnier Michel (2004), Trees, shrubs and lianas of West African Dry zones, Cirad-Margraf Publishers Gmbh-Mnhn, pp573
Adepoju, O.T., L.O. Onasanya and C.H. Udoh, 2006. Comparative studies of nutrient composition of cocoyam (Colocassia esculenta) leaf with some green leafy vegetables. Nig. J. Nutr. Sci., 27: 40- 43
Akindahunsi, A.A. and S.O. Salawu, 2005. Phytochemical screening and nutrient-antinutrient composition selected tropical green of leafy vegetables. Afr. J.
Biotechnol., 4: 497-500.
Apata DF, Ologhobo AD (1989). Influence of Phytic Acid on the availability of minerals from selected tropical legume seeds. J. Sci. 23: 88-90.
Al-Bayati, F.A. and K.D. Sulaiman, 2008. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk. J. Biol., 32: 57-62.
Alli, S.Y.R., 2009. Determination of the chemical composition of Senna-siamea (cassia leaves). Pak.J. Nutr., 8: 119-121.
AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn.,Association of Official Analytical Chemists,Washington DC., USA., pp: 200-210.
Asaolu, M.F., O.A. Oyeyemi and J.O. Olanlokun, 2009.Chemical compositions, phyto chemical constituents and in vitro biological activity of various extracts of Cymbopognon citratus. Pak. J. Nutr., 8:1920-1922.
Adeyeye, E.I. and P.A. Aye, 2005. Chemical composition and the effect of salts on the food properties of Triticum durum wholemeal flour. Pak. J. Nutr., 4:187-196
Akinyeye, R.O., A. Oluwadunsi and A. Omoyeni 2010.Proximate, mineral, anti-nutrients, phyto . chemical screening and amino acid compositions of the leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedi harms. As Electron. J. Environ., Agric. Food Chem., 9: 1322-1333.
Akubugwo, I.E., N.A. Obasi, G.C. Chinyere and A.E.Ugbogu, 2007. Nutritional and chemical value of Amaranthus hybridus L. leaves from Afikpo, Nigeria Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6: 2833-2839.
Amadi, B.A., CO. Ibegbulen and A.C. Egbebu, 2006. Assessment of the effect of aqueous extract of pawpaw (Asimina triloba) root on organ weights and liver functions of albino rats. Int.J. Natl. Applied Sci, 2: 79-81).
Beard, J.L. and H.D. Dawson, 1997. Iron. In: Handbook of nutritionally essential minerals. Eds. O’Dell BL,R.A. Sunde, Inc. 275. Marcel Dekker, New York
Bangash, J.A., M. Arif, F. Khan, F. Khan, Amin-Ur- Rahman and H. Iqbal, 2011. Proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content of selected vegetables grown in Peshawar. J. Chem.Soc. Pak., 33: 118-122.
Beta T, Nam S, Dexter JE, Sapirstein HD (2005). Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pearled Wheat and Roller-Milled Fractions. Cereal Chem., 82(4-15)
Biehl, R.R., Emmert, J.L. & Baker, D.H. (1997). Iron bioavailability in soybean meal as affected by supplemental phytase and 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. Poultry Science, 76, 1424–1427
Biyiti, L.O., Pesando and S. Puisseux-Dao, 1988.). Antimicrobial activity of two flavonone isolates from the Cameroon plant Erythrina signwidea. Planta , Medica., 54: 126-128.
Bouquet, A., 1969. Feticheurs et Medecines traditionnelles du Nigeria-Brazzaville. Memoires ORSTOM n36, Paris, France, pp: 128.
Burkil, H.N., 1985. The useful plants of West tropical Africa. vol. 4.
Bressani R (2002). Factors influencing nutritive value in food grain legumes: Mucuna compared to other grain legumes. In: Food and Feed from Mucuna: Current Uses and the Way Forward (Editors, Flores BM, Eilittä M, Myhrman R, Carew LB and
Camacho-Corona, M.D.R., M.A. Ramirez-Cabrera, O Gonzalez-Santiago, E. Garza-Gonzalez, I.D.P.Palacios and J. Luna-Herrera, 2008. Activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis strains of plants used inMexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. Phytother. Res., 22:82-85.
Carsky RJ), Workshop, CIDICCO, CIEPCA and World Hunger Research Center,Tegucigalpa, Honduras (April 26-29,), pp. 164-188.
Cheeke PR (1971) Nutritional and physiological implications of saponins. A review Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 51: 621-632
Cheeke, P.R (1987) The significance of fibre in rabbit nutrition. J Appl Rabbit Res. 61(1):53-55
Cheeke P R (1996). Biological effects of feed and forage saponnins and their impacts on animal production. in: saponnins used in food and agriculture (editors, Waller G. and Yamasaki k), plenum press, new York, pp: 377 – 385
Chaturvedi VC, Shrivastava R, Upreti RK (2004). Viral infections and trace elements: A complex interaction. Curr. Sci., 87: 1536-1554.
.
Corthout, A. and S.O. Kotra, 1995. Antimicrobial activities of tropical plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 3: 119-120
. Diallo OK, Berhe T (2003). Processing of Mucuna for Human foods in the Republic of Guinea. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst., 1: 193-196
Dike, M.C., 2010. Proximate, phytochemical and nutrient compositions of some fruits, seeds and leaves of some plant species at Umudike, Nigeria. ARPN-J.Agric. Biol. Sci., 5: 7-16.
Emebu, P.K. and J.U. Anyika, 2011. Proximate and mineral composition of kale (Brassica oleracea) grown in Delta State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 190-194.
Enwere, N.J., 1998. Foods of plant origin. Enugu, Nsukka Afroorbis Publications, pp: 736-741
Egharevba, H.O. and F.O. Kunle, 2010. Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of the leaves of Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milneredhead.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 14: 570-77.
Evans, W., 2002. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy.15th Edn., Elsevier, India, pp: 27, 46, 183-184, 289- 291, 411-413, 434, 485-486
FAO, 2008. Le manioc pour la securite alimentaire et energetique-Investire dans la recherche pour en accroitre les rendements et les utilisations. FAO,Salle de presse (editeur), Juillet, Rome,Italie.http://www.FAO.Org/newsroomfr/news/2008/1000 899/indexhtml.
.
FAO/WHO, 2001. Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Bangkok, Thailand. Food and Nutrition Division, FAO Rome, pp: 257
Farombi OE (2003). African indigenous plants with chemotherapeutic potentials and
biotechnological approach to the production of bioactive prophylactic agents. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2: 662-671.
Fairbanks, V.F., (1999). Iron in Medicine and Nutrition. In:Nutrition in Health and Disease. (Eds.) Shils M., J.A.Olson, M. Shike and A.C. Ross., 9th Edn., Baltimore,Williams and Wilkins, pp: 223.
Fasuyi, A.O., 2006. Nutritional potentials of some tropical vegetable leaf meals: Chemical characterization and functional properties. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5: 49-53.
Fenn, W.O., 1949. Potassium. Sci. Am., 181: 16-21.
Gafar, M.K., A.U. Itodo, F.A. Atiku, A.M. Hassan and I.J. Peni, 2011. Proximate and mineral composition of the leaves of Hairy Indigo (Indigofera astragalina).Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 168-175.
Geissler, C.A. and H.J. Powers, 2005. Human Nutrition. 11th Edn., Elsevier, Churchull Livingstone, pp: 236-243
Greenfield, H. and D.A.T. Southgate, 2000. Food Composition Data. Production Management and Use, 2nd Edn., Rome. FAO
Harborne, J.B., 1998. Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd Edn.,Chapman and Hall, Int. Ed., New York.
Hertog M G L, Sweetnam P M, Fehily A M, Elwood P C and Kromhout D 1997 Antioxidant flavonols and ischaemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men - the caerphilly study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65: 1489-1494
Iheanacho, K.M.E. and A.C. Udebuani, 2009. Nutritional composition of some leafy vegetables consumed in Imo State Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13:35-38.
Katayama T. (1997). Effects of dietary myo-inositol or phytic acid on hepatic concentrations of lipids and hepatic activities of lipogenic enzymes in rats fed on corn starch or sucrose. Nutr. Res. 17:721-728.
Kilgour, O.F.G., 1987. Mastering Nutrition. Macmillan Education, Ltd London, pp: 321.
Kimbonguila, A., J.M. Nzikou, L. Matos, B. Loumouamou,C.B. Ndangui, N.P.G. Pambou-Tobi, A.A.Abena, ThSilou, J. Scher and S. Desobry, 2010a. Proximate composition and
Koratkar R, Rao AV (1997). Effect of soyabean sponnins on azoxymethane induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr; cancer, 27: 206 – 209.
physicochemical properties on the seeds and oil of Annona muricata grown in Congo- Brazzaville. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 2: 13-18.
Li, G.H, Shen YM, Liu Y and Zhang KQ, 2006. Production of saponin in fermentation process of Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) and biotransformation of saponin by Bacillus subtilis. AnnMicrobiol (Milano, Italy). 56, 1590–4261
Livingston AL, Knuckles BE, Teuber LR, Hesterman OB and Tsai LS, 1984. Minimizing the saponin content of alfalfa sprouts and leaf protein concentrates. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 177,235-268.
Marinova D, Ribarova F, Atanassova M (2005). Total Phenolics and Total Favonoids in Bulgarian Fruits and Vegetables. J. Univ. Chem.Technol. Metallurgy, 40(3): 255-260
Martin-Prevel, P., J. Gagnard and P. Gautier, 1984. L’analyse vegetale dans le contrôle de l’ alimentation des plantes temperees et tropicales., pp: 810
Hostettmann, K. and A. Marston, 1995. Saponins. Chemistry and Pharmacology of NaturalProducts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
Okoli, J.O. Ohaju-Obodo and K. Eifediyi( 2008) Phytochemical, nutritional and medical properties of some leafy vegetables consumed by Edo people of Nigeria African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (14), pp. 2304-2309, 18 July, 20
Marshal V I, Buck WB, Bell GI (1967). Pig weed (Amaranthus reproflexus) an Oxalate containing Plant, Am. J. Vet. Res. 28: 888 -889
Montgomery RD (1980). Cyanogens. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant
Food Stuffs (Editor, Liener I E). Academic Press, New York, pp. 158- 160
Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (2006), Medicinal Plants of Nigeria, North Central Zone, Fed. Min. of Science & Tech Vol 1,pp119, Victoria Island Lagos
Ndangui, C.B., A. Kimbonguila, J.M. Nzikou, L. Matos, Nutrition. McGraw-Hill, Higher Education, pp: 353-367
Odedire, J A and O J Babayemi(2007) Preliminary study on Tephrosia candida as forage alternative to Leucaena leucocephala for ruminant nutrition in Southwest Nigeria Livestock Research for Rural Development 19 (9) 2007
Omoyeni, A.O. and B.T. Aluko, 2010. Qualitative determination of chemical and nutritional composition of Cissus petiolata leaves. Electron. J.Prakasham, Mumbai, India. Environ., Agric. Food Chem., 9: 436-440
Olson, M. Shike and A.C. Ross., 9th Edn.,Baltimore,Williams and Wilkins, pp: 223
Ogungbenle, H.N., 2006. Chemical composition,functional properties and amino acid composition of some edible oil seeds. La rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Marzo, LXXX III: 81-86.
Okoli, I.C., C.S. Ebere, M.C. Uchegbu, C.A. Udah and I.I. Ibeawuchi, 2003. A Survey of the diversity of plants utilized for small ruminant feeding in Southeastern Nigeria. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.96: 147-154.
Osagie AU, Offiong YE (1998). “Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods”, Ambik Press, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, pp. 131-221.
Oke OC (1969). Composition of some Nigerian Leafy vegetables. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 53(2): 130-132
Okwu DE (2004). Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous spices of Southeastern Nigeria. J. Sustain. Agric. Environ. 6(1): 30-37.
Okenfull D. G, Topping D. L, Illuman RJ, Fenwick D.E (1984). Prevention of dietary hypercholesterolaemia in the art by soya and quillaja saponins. Nutr. Res. Int., 29: 1039-1041.
Pallauf J, Pietsch M & Rimbach G. (1998). Dietary phytate reduces magnesium bioavailability in growing rats. Nutr. Res. 18:1029-1037.
Price K R, Johnson I. Y, Fenwick G R (1987). The chemistry and biological significance of saponnins in food and feedingstuffs C R C Crits. Rev, food sci. Nutr; 26: 27 – 135.
Price K.R, Curl CL, Fenwick GR, 1986. The saponin content and aapogenol composition of the seed of 13 varieties of legume. J. Food. Sci. Food and Agric. 37(12), 1185-1191.
Rimbach, G. & Pallauf, J. (1998). Phytic acid inhibits free radical formation in vitro but does not affect liver oxidant or antioxidant status in growing rats. Journal of Nutrition, 128, 1950–1955.
Rimbach, G. & Pallauf, J. (1999). Effect of dietary phytate on magnesium bioavailability and liver oxidant status in growing rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37, 37–45.
Sandberg, A.S., Hulthen, L.R. & Turk, M. (1996). Dietary Aspergillus niger phytase increases iron absorption in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 476–480.
Sodipo OA, Akiniyi JA, Ogunbamosu JU (2000). Studies on certain Characteristics of extracts of bark of pansinystalia macruceras (K schemp) pierre Exbeille. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci. 6: 83-87.
.Trease, G.E. and W.C. Evans, 1989. A textbook of . Pharmacognosy. 12th Edn., Bailliere, Tindall, London, pp: 388, 480, 502, 535, 546.
Kokate, C.K., 2001. Pharmacognosy. 16th Edn., Nirali Prakasham, Mumbai, India
Udedibie A. B. I. and Opara C. C. (1998) Responses of Growing Borilers and Laying Hens to the dietary Inclusion of Leaf Meal from Alchornea Cordifolia. Animal Feed Science Technology 71 (C2): 157—164.
Baruah N C, Sarma J C, Barua N C, Sarma S and Sharma R P 1994 Germination and growth inhibitory sesquiterpene lactones and flavones from Tithonia diversifolia. Phytochemistry 36: 29-36
Boham B A and Kocipai-Abyazan R 1974 Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Science 48: 458-463
Balogun, A M and Fetuga B L 1980 Tannin, phytin and oxalate content of some wild under-utilized crop seeds in Nigeria. Food chemistry 30: 37-43.
Makkar A O S and Goodchild A V 1996 Quantification of Tannins. A laboratory manual, International Centre for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, IV p.25
Makower R V 1970 Extraction and determination of phytic acid in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Cereal chemistry 47, 288-292
McDonald P, Edwards R A, Greenhalgh J F D and Morgan C A 2002 Animal Nutrition. Sixth Edition. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essex, Englamd.
Moir K W 1953 The determination of oxalic acid in plants. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 10(1): 1-3.
Ranjhan S R and Krishna G 1980 In Laboratory manual for Nutrition Research, editors S R Ranjhan and G. Krishna Vikas Pub. Co, New Delhi, India.
Wheeler E L and Ferrel R E 1971 A method for phytic acid determination in wheat fractions. Cereal chemistry 48: 312-316.
Yameogo, C.W., M.D. Bengaly, A. Savadogo, P.A. Nikiema and S.A. Traore, 2011. Determination of chemical composition and nutritional values of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 264-268
Young S M and Greaves J S 1940 Influence of variety and treatment on phytic acid content of wheat. Food Research 5: 103-105.
Zhou, J.R. & Erdman, J.W. (1995). Phytic acid in health and disease. Critical Reviews of Food Science and Nutrition, 35, 495–508.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
